Costya, Ben, Jamie, Chris

 

Methane Use Summary Paragraph

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Methane is a diversely used organic compound.   The uses of methane can be divided into four main categories.  Home usage in stoves and other household appliances.  Industrial usage which range from heating boilers to producing methanol.  Energy production which uses methane to heat boilers that then in turn make generators produce electricity.  Lastly it is used commercialy, as a finished product for sale, by companies, for profit. The percentage of methane used in each category is illustrated in the graph at left.

Methane is a naturally occuring fossil fuel.  Most of the time it is extracted from natural gas which is constituted of 90% methane, 5% propane, and 5% mixed gases.  It is also produced as a by-product of organic digestion.

Natural gas is a popularly used in homes around the United States as a way to heat and cool houses as well as run many household appliances.   It is especially popular, because of its relative inexpense and its ability to be used even while normal electrical lines are down. It is estimated that more than 50% of all the homes in the United States use natural gas (which is mostly methane).  It is also estimated that more than 60% of all new homes built today have natural gas appliances installed.  Home use of natural gas comprises 18% of the total market share. (Deatailed)

The largest pecentage of methane is used in the industrial world, but almoat all of the methane used in the industrial market is used to produce heat, or boil water.  Neither of these represent an interest to our project.

When the EPA passed the clean air act in 1970, the power production market was forced to find cleaner more enviromentally friendly ways to producepower for the United States.  Oneof the easiermethods to achieve these new standards wasto burn natural gas insteadof coalor other highly polluting substances.   The methane rich natural gas,is much lower in many of the most problematic gasses tatrgetd by the EPA for reduction.The energy sphere includes gas that is beeing spent on generating electricity. Many power plants, and even more in the near future, are using natural gas as the burning fuel for their power plants. The Clean Air Act Amendments have caused many power plants to turn to natural gas in order to reduce their emissions of NOx and SO2, as it is the most clean-burning widely used fuel.

The alternative power-generation technology is called 'Fuel Cell'. Virtually Fuel Cells are are electrochemical devices that convert a fuel's energy directly to electrical energy. The three basic parts of fuel cells are Anode, Cathode and Protone Exchange Membrane (PEM), that virtually lies between first two. High hydroxided fuel (like methane, ethane) is supplied to the anode (negative eletrode), and oxygen, usually air, is supplied to the cathode. Encouraged by a catalyst, the hydrogen atom from the fuel splits into a proton and an electron. Protons passes through the PEM at the time when electrones have to take separate path, by that forming the electrical current. When the electrones reach the cathode they recombine with the recenly formed OH ions to form the water vapours - the only exaust of the Fuel Cell. As in the combustion process, the energy in form of heat comes as s side effect of combining fuel with the oxygen, the fuel cell energy is released in form of electric energy. Fuel Cell are currently being used only in high-tech purposes like Space Exploration and Military Missions due to their high cost, but recent inventions promiss to make it real to power up your compter just with a small bottle of methane.

The business section includes all of the uses that is are included in the other 3 categories, including NGV - Natural Gas Vehicle use, Currently there are over 70,000 NGV's in America (and over 1 million world-wide) and 1,300 fueling stations for NGV's.  However of those 1,300 stations only half are available for public use. 40 manufacturers are currently creating NGV's and 22% of all new bus orders are for those using Natural gas engines.  This is due in part to the cheaper costs of Natural gas, which is about 1/3 the price of gasoline.  (It takes 1.7 galons of Natural gas to equal the power of 1 galon of Gasoline). In addition, they also are less polluting and have no evaporative emissions during fueling (which is where 50% of Gasoline pollution comes from).  Natural gas is also non toxic and is not corrosive and it doesn't contaminate ground water suplies and with its higher ignition temperature of 1200 F compared to the 600 F of gasoline, which means that it is a safier fuel to use.

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Home Usage Overview

Virtually Methane (Natural Gas) can satisfy many needs in our everyday home energy necessity:

(a)

Central Heating System can actually use can use gas, oil or solid fuel. Gas heating is by far the most efficient, as it gives automatic heat wherever and whenever you want it and can supply hot water, efficiently and economically, all the year round. (Source)

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(b)

Cooking - probably the main application of the NG that it is famous for. NG can be used in the oven - roasting, baking and reheating food // the grill - cooking, browning and crisping // the hob - for heating food in saucepans, frying and boiling. The main advantages of NG in this area is that it provides heat very quickly (virtually instantaneously, in fact) - you don't have to wait for rings or grills to 'warm up' before using them and it provides a moist environment in the oven (water vapour is one of the products of combustion) which improves the appearance and colour of cooked food as well as reducing the weight loss in cooking meat. (Source)

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(c)

Wall Heaters are convection heaters which fit onto any outside wall. They are extremely efficient at providing cheap space heating and background warmth. They are ideal for installing in previously unheated rooms or for eliminating cold spots in larger rooms with another heat source. Gas wall heaters are the cheapest form of space heating to run that you can find. They work by packaging a very efficient heat exchanger with the gas burner. Cool air from the room enters the casing at the bottom and receives heat from the heat exchanger before convecting out into the room through a grill. Sometimes, this process is speeded up by an electric fan. The products of combustion are contained inside the heat exchanger and are passed to the outside through the duct in the balanced flue - they can never enter the room. (Source)

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(d)

Tumble Dryers is one of the most cheap and efficient way of drying the cloths if the space is limited or the weather is not very good. The main principle of work:

  • damp clothes are placed inside a drum which revolves (usually back and forth)
  • a gas burner heats the air up outside the drum
  • a fan blows the heated air through the drum to dry the clothes. (Source)
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(e)

Gas-fired hearth products provide the ultimate in convenience and romance. A modern gas hearth product provides the ambience and beauty of a real wood fire without any of the work or mess.   There are gas hearth products available which can be used in an existing wood burning fireplace, as well as fireplaces meant to be built into a wall without any masonry work. (Source)

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Presently & Potentially useful websites:

Australian Natural Gas Industry http://www.gas.asn.au/
Fuel table in pdf format - all the properties and characteristics of all types of alternative fuels. http://www.afdc.doe.gov/pdfs/fueltable.pdf
Natural Gas Vehicle Caution - all the benefits of the NGVs http://www.ngvc.org/qa.html#trans
Evaluating tool for firing natural gas in oil-fired boilers http://www.soapp.com/soapp/pc/defaultgcf.htm
http://www.snybuf.edu/~snyderrj/bio104/lectures/fossil.htm
http://www.iangv.org/sources/qa.html
Lots of Uses and other info. http://www.naturalgas.org/ENDUSE.HTM
LOTS OF PEOPLE AND PROJECTS (grants?) http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/doeofd/index.html
First sewage/methane power plant in the United States. http://www.zetatalk.com/energy/tengy18i.htm
This is the site for the New York Power Authority, they are currently develpoin the first sewage power plant in the U.S http://www.nypa.gov/nypac.html

MSN motorola fuel cells                                                         http://www.msnbc.com/news/359450.asp?cp1=1

 

Dais Analytic Corporation http://www.dais.net/techno/fuelcell.htm
National Fuel Cell Research http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fuelcellinfo_index.htm
Fuel Cell 2000 - Fuell Cell Information Center http://216.51.18.233/index_e.html
Natural Gas Vehicle Coaution http://www.ngvc.org/qa.html#trans
Phoenix Natural Gas http://www.phoenix-natural-gas.com/product_knowledge/

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